North Korea

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{{Infobox Country or territory|native_name = 조선민주주의인민공화국朝鮮民主主義人民共和國Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk|conventional_long_name = Democratic People's Republic of Korea|conventional_short_name = DPR Korea|common_name = North Korea|image_flag = Flag of North Korea.svg|image_coat = Coat of Arms of North Korea.png|2.png|image_map = LocationNorthKorea.png|national_anthem = Aegukka]|demonym = North Korean, Korean|capital = Pyongyang ] dictatorship|leader_title1 = Eternal President of the Republic|leader_title3 = [Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly|leader_title4 = Premier of North Korea|leader_name1 = Kim Il-sunga]b|leader_name3 = Kim Yong-namc]|largest_city = Pyongyang-->|area_rank = 98th|area_magnitude = 1 E11|percent_water = 4.87|population_estimate = 23,301,725 North Korea itself does not disclose figures.|population_estimate_year = 2007|population_estimate_rank = 48th|population_census = n/a|population_census_year =|population_density_km2 = 190|population_density_sq_mi = 492 billion|GDP_PPP_rank = 85th|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,007|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 149th|HDI_year = 2003|HDI = n/a|HDI_rank = unranked|HDI_category = n/a|FSI = 97.7 0.4|FSI_year = 2007|FSI_rank = 13th|FSI_category = Alert|sovereignty_type = Division of Korea#In the North|established_event1 = March 1st Movement|established_event2 = Victory over Japan Day|established_event3 = Formal declaration|established_date1 = March 1 1919 [1945 [1948 (₩)|currency_code = KPW|time_zone = [Korea Standard Time|calling_code = 850|footnotes = aDied 1994, named "Eternal President" in 1998b [Kim Jong-il is the nation's most prominent leading figure and a government figure head, although he is not the head of state or the head of government; his official title is Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea, a position which he has held since 1994.c Kim Yong-nam is the "Head of State for foreign affairs".-->North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (the DPRKAnother acronym occasionnally used in the media is DPRNK, as for Democratic People's Republic of North Korea), is a country in East Asia in the northern half of the Korean Peninsula, with its capital in the city of Pyongyang. At its northern border are People's Republic of China on the Yalu River and Russia on the Tumen River, in the far northeastern corner of the country. To the south, it is bordered by South Korea, with which it formed Korean Empire until the division following World War II.

North Korea is a communist dictatorship following the Juche ideology, developed by Kim Il-sung, the country's first president. The current leader is Kim Jong-il, the late president Kim Il-sung's son. Relations are strong with other traditional socialist states, Vietnam, Laos, and, often, People's Republic of China, as well as with Cambodia and Burma. Following a North Korean famine in the early 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union, a major economic partner, leader Kim Jong-il instated the Songun in 1995, increasing economic concentration and support for the military.

Multiple international human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, have accused North Korea of having one of the worst human rights records of any nation. Defectors have testified to the existence of detention camps, reporting torture, murder, and medical experimentation.

North Korea's culture is officially protected and heavily promoted by the government. The Mass Games are government-organized events glorifying its two leaders, involving over 100,000 performers. In July 2004, the Complex of Goguryeo Tombs became the first site in the country to be included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

History Emergence of North Korea In the aftermath of the Korea under Japanese rule, which ended with Japan's defeat in World War II in 1945; the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics took the surrender of Japanese forces and controlled the area north of the 38th parallel and the United States likewise the area south of the parallel. Virtually all Koreans welcomed liberation from Korea under Japanese rule, yet objected to re-imposition of foreign rule upon the peninsula. The Soviets and Americans disagreed on the implementation of Joint Trusteeship over Korea, with each establishing its socio-economic and political system upon its jurisdiction, leading, in 1948, to the establishment of ideologically opposed governments. The United States and the Soviet Union then withdrew their forces from Korea. Growing tensions and border skirmishes between north and south led to the civil war called the Korean War.

On June 25, 1950, the Korean People's Army crossed the 38th Parallel in a war of peninsular reunification under their political system. The war continued until July 27, 1953, when the United Nations Command, the Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army signed the Korean War Armistice Agreement. Since that time the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) has separated the North and South.

Economic evolution In the aftermath of the Korean War and throughout the 1960s and the country's state-controlled Economy of North Korea grew at a significant rate and, until the early 1970s, was considered to be stronger than that of the South. The country struggled throughout the 1990s, primarily due to the loss of strategic trade arrangements with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and strained relations with People's Republic of China following China's normalization with South Korea in 1992. In addition, North Korea experienced record-breaking floods (1995 and 1996) followed by several years of equally severe drought beginning in 1997. This, compounded with only 18 percent arable land and an inability to import the goods necessary to sustain industry, led to an North Korean famine and left North Korea in economic shambles. Large numbers of North Koreans illegally entered the People's Republic of China in search of food. Faced with a country in decay, Kim Jong-il adopted a Songun to strengthen the country and reinforce the regime.

Government and politics in Pyongyang.North Korea is officially described as a Juche (self-reliance) State. Government is organized as a dictatorship. Kim Il-sung, the founder of North Korea, was the country's first and only president. Following his death in 1994 he was not replaced, instead receiving the designation of "Eternal President of the Republic", and rests in the Kumsusan Memorial Palace in central Pyongyang. The active position has been abolished in deference to the memory of Kim Il-sung.

The de facto head of state is Kim Jong-il, who is Chairman of the National Defense Commission of North Korea as well as the former President's son. The legislature of North Korea is the Supreme People's Assembly, currently led by President Kim Yong-nam. The other senior government leader is List of Premiers of North Korea Kim Yong-il.

North Korea is a single-party state with a Stalinism, Authoritarianism, and Totalitarianism regime. The governing party is the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland, a coalition made up of three smaller parties, the Workers' Party of North Korea, the North Korean Social Democratic Party and the Chondoist Chongu Party. These parties nominate all candidates for office and hold all seats in the Supreme People's Assembly.

Human rights Multiple international human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, accuse North Korea of having one of the worst human rights records of any nation. North Koreans have been referred to as "some of the world's most brutalized people", regarding their severe restrictions on Freedom (political) and Indices of Economic Freedom freedoms. North Korean defectors have testified to the existence of Internments with an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 inmates, and have reported torture, starvation, rape, murder, North Korean human experimentation, Unfree labour, and forced abortions.

Foreign relations around 1986.Since the ceasefire of the Korean War in 1953, the relations between the North Korean government and South Korea, the United States, and Japan have remained tense. Fighting was halted in the ceasefire, however both Koreas are still technically at war. Both the North and South Korean governments proclaim that they are seeking eventual Korean reunification as a goal. North Korea's policy is to seek reunification without what it sees as outside interference, through a federal structure retaining each side's leadership and systems. Both North and South Korea signed the June 15th North-South Joint Declaration in 2000, in which both sides made promises to seek out a peaceful reunification.

In 2002, President of the United States George W. Bush labeled North Korea part of an "axis of evil" and an "Outposts of tyranny". The highest-level contact the government has had with that of the United States was with United States Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, who made a visit to Pyongyang in 2000, but the two countries do not have formal diplomatic relations. In 2006, approximately 37,000 American soldiers remained in South Korea, with plans to reduce the number to 25,000 by 2008. Despite the foreign troops, Kim Jong-il has privately stated his acceptance of U.S. troops on the peninsula, even after a possible Korean reunification. It is claimed by U.S sources that if North Korea and the U.S. normalize relations, both Koreas would wish to maintain the presence of U.S. troops out of fear of China and Japan but North Koreastrongly denies that and requests the removal of American troops (see North Korea-United States relations).

North Korea has long maintained close relations with the People's Republic of China and Russia. The Revolutions of 1989 in eastern Europe in 1989 and the disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1991 resulted in a devastating drop in aid to North Korea from Russia, although China continues to provide substantial assistance. North Korea continues to have strong ties with its Socialism southeast Asian allies in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.North Korea has started installing a Chinese-Korean Border Fence in response to China's wishing to curb refugees fleeing from North Korea, which had erected a concrete and barbed wire fence in the past year. Previously the shared border with China and North Korea had only been lightly patrolled. http://chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/5084232.htmlReport: N. Korea building fence to keep people in

As a result of the North Korea and weapons of mass destruction, the Six-party talks have been established to find a peaceful solution for the growing unrest between the two Koreas, the Russian Federation, the People's Republic of China, Japan, and the United States.

Military Kim Jong-il is the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army and Chairman of the National Defense Commission of North Korea. The Korean People's Army is the name for the collective armed personnel of the North Korean military. The army has four branches: North Korean Ground Force, Korean People's Army Navy, Korean People's Army Air Force and the North Korean Civil Securities Force.

According to the United States Department of State, North Korea has the fourth-largest military in the world, at an estimated 1.21 million armed personnel, with about 20% of men ages 17-54 in the regular armed forces. North Korea has the highest percentage of military personnel per capita of any nation in the world, with approximately 40 enlisted soldiers per 1,000 citizens. Annual military spending is estimated as high as US$5 Billion (20% of GDP), compared with South Korea's $24 Billion (2.7% of GDP). North Korea has perhaps the world's second-largest special operations force (estimated at 100,000 as of 2002), Military strategy is designed for insertion and sabotage behind enemy lines in wartime, with much of the KPA's forces deployed along the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone.

Nuclear weapons program On October 9 2006, North Korea conducted its 2006 North Korean nuclear test. The blast was smaller than expected and U.S. officials suggested that it may have been an unsuccessful test or a partially successful Effects of nuclear explosions#Other phenomena. North Korea has previously stated that it has produced nuclear weapons and according to U.S. intelligence and military officials it has produced, or has the capability to produce, up to six or seven such devices. As of October 2006, North Korea is not believed to have the capability to deliver a nuclear warhead by affixing to a missile or other nuclear weapons delivery system. The most likely means of transport would be aircraft, which could be monitored.

On March 17, 2007, North Korea told delegates at international nuclear talks it would begin shut down preparations for its main nuclear facility. This was later confirmed on July 14 as International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors observed the initial shutdown phases of the Yongbyon nuclear reactor despite there being no official timeline declared. In return, the reclusive nation has received 50,000 tons of heavy fuel oil shipped from South Korea. Once the nuclear reactor is permanently shut down, North Korea will receive the equivalent of 950,000 tons of fuel oil when the six-nation talks reconvene. Following breakthrough talks held in September 2007, aimed at hastening the end of North Korea's nuclear program, North Korea will "disable all its nuclear facilities" by the end of the year, according to the US assistant secretary of state. The details of such an agreement are due to be worked out in a session held in People's Republic of China which will involve South Korea, People's Republic of China, Russia and Japan. Terms for the agreement have thus far not been disclosed, nor has it been disclosed what offer was made on the US's part in exchange. The possibility of removing North Korea from the US list of state sponsors of terrorism has been discussed, which imposes a ban on all arms related trade with countries on the list, along with withholding US aid. Should these bans be lifted, the US may help North Koreans following devastating floods earlier this year.

Geography North Korea is on the northern portion of the Korean Peninsula, covering an area of . North Korea shares land borders with People's Republic of China and Russia to the north, and borders South Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone. To its west are the Yellow Sea and Korea Bay, and to its east is the East Sea. Japan lies east of the peninsula across the East Sea.

North Korea's highest point is Baekdu Mountain at . The longest river is the Amnok River which flows for .

The local climate is relatively temperate, with precipitation (meteorology) heavier in summer during a short rainy season called changma, and winters that can be bitterly cold on occasion. From 7 to 12 August, 2007, the most devastating 2007 North Korea flooding in 40 years incited the North Korean Government to ask for international help. NGOs, such as the Red Cross, asked people to raise funds because they feared a humanitarian catastrophe. "Emergency appeal for DPRK flood survivors", website of the Red Cross

North Korea's capital and largest city is Pyongyang; other major cities include Kaesong in the south, Sinuiju in the northwest, Wonsan and Hamhung in the east and Chongjin in the northeast.

Economy ) illustrates the large differences between North Korea and South Korea as well as a similar contrast between North Korea and China..In the aftermath of the Korean War and throughout the 1960s and '70s, the country's state-controlled Economy of North Korea grew at a significant rate and, until the late 1970s, was considered to be stronger than that of the South. State-owned industry produces nearly all manufactured goods. The government focuses on heavy military industry, following Kim Jong-il's adoption of a Songun.Estimates of the North Korea economy cover a broad range, as the country does not release official figures and the secretive nature of the country makes outside estimation difficult.According to accepted estimates, North Korea spends US$5 billion out of a gross domestic product (GDP) of $20.9 billion on the military, compared with South Korea's $24 billion out of a GDP of $1.196 trillion.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html#Econ

1990s famine In the 1990s North Korea faced significant economic disruptions, including a series of natural disasters, economic mismanagement, serious fertilizer shortages, and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. These resulted in a shortfall of staple Cereal output of more than 1 million tons from what the country needs to meet internationally-accepted minimum dietary requirements. The North Korean famine resulted in the deaths of between 300,000 and 800,000 North Koreans per year during the three year famine, peaking in 1997, with 2.0 million total being "the highest possible estimate." The deaths were most likely caused by famine-related illnesses such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and diarrhea rather than starvation.

In 2006, Amnesty International reported that a national nutrition survey conducted by the North Korean government, the World Food Programme, and United Nations Children's Fund found that 7 percent of children were severely malnutrition; 37 percent were chronically malnourished; 23.4 percent were underweight; and one in three mothers was malnourished and anemia as the result of the lingering effect of the famine. The inflation caused by some of the 2002 economic reforms, including the Songun, was cited for creating the increased price of basic foods.

Beginning in 1997, the U.S. began shipping food aid to North Korea through the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) to combat the famine. Shipments peaked in 1999 at nearly 700,000 tons making the U.S. the largest foreign aid donor to the country at the time. Under the Presidency of George W. Bush, aid was drastically reduced year after year from 350,000 tons in 2001 to 40,000 in 2004. The Bush Administration took criticism for using "food as a weapon" during talks over the North's nuclear weapons program, but insisted the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) criteria were the same for all countries and the situation in North Korea had "improved significantly since its collapse in the mid-1990s." Agricultural production had increased from about 2.7 million metric tons in 1997 to 4.2 million metric tons in 2004.

Foreign commerce China and South Korea remain the largest donors of unconditional food aid to North Korea. The U.S. objects to this manner of donating food due to lack of oversight. In 2005, China and South Korea combined to provide 1 million tons of food aid, each contributing half. In addition to food aid, China reportedly provides an estimated 80 to 90 percent of North Korea's oil imports at "friendly prices" that are sharply lower than the world market price.

On 19 September 2005, North Korea was promised fuel aid and various other non-food incentives from South Korea, the U.S., Japan, Russia, and China in exchange for abandoning its nuclear weapons program and rejoining the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Providing food in exchange for abandoning weapons programs has historically been avoided by the U.S. so as not to be perceived as "using food as a weapon". Humanitarian aid from North Korea's neighbors has been cut off at times to provoke North Korea to resume boycotted talks, such as South Korea's "postponed consideration" of 500,000 tons of rice for the North in 2006 but the idea of providing food as a clear incentive (as opposed to resuming "general humanitarian aid") has been avoided.

In July 2002, North Korea started experimenting with capitalism in the Kaesong Industrial Region. A small number of other areas have been designated as Special cities of Korea#North Korea, including Sinŭiju Special Administrative Region along the China-North Korea border. People's Republic of China and South Korea are the biggest trade partners of North Korea, with trade with China increasing 38% to US$1.02 billion in 2003, and trade with South Korea increasing 12% to $724 million in 2003. It is reported that the number of mobile phones in Pyongyang rose from only 3,000 in 2002 to approximately 20,000 during 2004. As of June 2004, however, mobile phones became forbidden again. A small amount of capitalistic elements are gradually spreading from the trial area, including a number of advertising billboards along certain highways. Recent visitors have reported that the number of open-air farmers' markets has increased in Kaesong and Pyongyang, as well as along the China-North Korea border, bypassing the food rationing system.

In an event in 2003 dubbed the "Pong Su incident", a North Korean cargo ship allegedly attempting to smuggle heroin into Australia was seized by Australian officials, strengthening Australian and United States' suspicions that Pyongyang engages in international drug smuggling. The North Korean government denied any involvement.

Demographics North Korea's population of roughly 23 million is one of the most ethnically and linguistically homogeneous in the world, with very small numbers of Chinese people, Japanese people in North Korea, Vietnamese people and European expatriate minorities.

Religion North Korea shares with South Korea a Korean Buddhism and Korean Confucianism heritage and recent history of Christianity in Korea and Chondogyo ("Heavenly Way") movements. The North Korean Constitution allows freedom of religion, however, according to Human Rights Watch, ever since the rise of communism, free religious activities no longer exist as the government sponsors religious groups only to create an illusion of religious freedom. In practical terms all religion in North Korea is superseded by a cult of personality devoted to the rulers Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jong-Il.

Pyongyang was the center of Christian activity in Korea before the Korean War. Today, two state-sanctioned churches exist, which freedom of religion advocates allege are showcases for foreigners. Official government statistics report that there are 10,000 Protestantisms and 4,000 Roman Catholic Churchs in North Korea.

According to a ranking published by Open Doors, an organization that supports persecuted Christians, North Korea is currently the country with the most severe persecution of Christians in the world.http://sb.od.org/index.php?supp_page=wwl_top_ten&supp_lang=en Human rights groups such as Amnesty International also have expressed concerns about religious persecution in North Korea.

Language North Korea shares the Korean language with South Korea. There are dialect differences within both Koreas, but the border between North and South does not represent a major linguistic boundary. The adoption of modern terms from foreign languages has been limited in North Korea, while prevalent in the South. Hanja (Chinese characters) are no longer used in North Korea, although still occasionally used in South Korea. Both Koreas share the Hangul writing system, called Chosongul in North Korea. The official Romanization differs in the two countries, with North Korea using a slightly modified McCune-Reischauer system, and the South using the Revised Romanization of Korean.

Culture in Pyongyang.There is a vast cult of personality around Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il and much of North Korea's literature, popular music, theater, and film glorify the two men.

A popular event in North Korea is the Mass games. The most recent and largest Mass Games was called "Arirang Festival". It was performed six nights a week for two months, and involved over 100,000 performers. Attendees to this event report that the anti-West sentiments have been toned down compared to previous performances. The Mass Games involve performances of dance, gymnastics, and choreography routines which celebrate the history of North Korea and the Workers' Party Revolution. The Mass Games are held in Pyongyang at various venues (varying according to the scale of the Games in a particular year) including the May Day Stadium.Culture is officially protected by the North Korean government. Large buildings committed to culture have been built, such as the People's Palace of Culture or the Grand People's Palace of Studies, both in Yoco. Outside the capital, there's a major theatre in Hamhung and in every city there are State-run theatres and stadiums.

Korean culture came under attack during the Korea under Japanese rule from 1910-1945. Japan enforced a cultural assimilation policy. Koreans were forced to learn and speak Japanese, adopt the Japanese family name system and Shinto religion, and forbidden to write or speak the Korean language in schools, businesses, or public places. In addition, the Japanese altered or destroyed various Korean monuments including Gyeongbokgung and documents which portrayed the Japanese in a negative light were revised. This methodical alteration process was done by the Editing Agency of Korean History.

In July 2004, the Complex of Goguryeo Tombs became the first site in the country to be included into the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

Administrative divisions North Korea is divided into nine provinces, three Special administrative regions, and two directly-governed cities (chikhalsi, 직할시, 直轄市):

Provinces {| class="wikitable"! Division !! Transliteration !! Hangul !! Hanja !! rowspan=18 ] || Chagang-do || 자강도 || 慈江道|-| North Hamgyong ] ||Hamgyŏng-namdo || 함경남도 || 咸鏡南道|-| North Hwanghae ] || Hwanghae-namdo || 황해남도 || 黃海南道|-| Kangwon-do (North Korea) || Kangwŏndo || 강원도 || 江原道|-| North Pyongan ] || P'yŏngan-namdo || 평안남도 || 平安南道|-| Ryanggang #Ad 2 || Ryanggang-do || 량강도 || 兩江道|-| colspan=4 | Special regions|-| Kaesŏng Industrial Region ] || Kŭmgangsan Kwangwang Chigu || 금강산관광지구 || 金剛山觀光地區|-| Sinuiju Special Administrative Region ] || P'yŏngyang Chikhalsi || 평양직할시 || 平壤直轄市|-| Rason ] - Sometimes rendered "Yanggang" (양강도).

Major cities {{columns|col1 =

Sinuiju
Kaesong
Nampho
Chongjin
Wonsan
Sariwon

|col2 =

Hoeryong
Hamhung
Haeju
Kanggye
Hyesan
Kimchaek
Kangso

-->

See also

Notes and references

Further reading

Jasper Becker, Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea, Oxford University Press (2005), hardcover, 328 pages, ISBN 13: 9780195170443
Gordon Cucullu, Separated At Birth: How North Korea Became The Evil Twin, Globe Pequot Press (2004), hardcover, 307 pages, ISBN 1-59228-591-0
Bruce Cumings, Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History, W.W. Norton & Company, 1998, paperback, 527 pages, ISBN 0-393-31681-5
Bruce Cumings, Origins of the Korean War (Vol. 1): Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes 1945-1947, Princeton University Press, 1981, paperback, ISBN 0-691-10113-2
Bruce Cumings, Origins of the Korean War (Vol. 2): The Roaring of the Cataract 1947-1950, Cornell University Press, 2004, hardcover, ISBN 89-7696-613-9
Bruce Cumings, North Korea: Another Country, New Press, 2004, paperback, ISBN 1-56584-940-X
Bruce Cumings, Living Through The Forgotten War: Portrait Of Korea, Mansfield Freeman Center for East Asian Studies, 2004, paperback, ISBN 0-9729704-0-1
Bruce Cumings, Inventing the Axis of Evil: The Truth About North Korea, Iran, and Syria, New Press, 2006, paperback, ISBN 1-59558-038-7
Delisle, Guy, Pyongyang: A Journey in North Korea, Drawn & Quarterly Books, 2005, hardcover, 176 pages, ISBN 1-896597-89-0
Nick Eberstadt, aka Nicholas Eberstadt, The End of North Korea, American Enterprise Institute Press (1999), hardcover, 191 pages, ISBN 0-8447-4087-X
John Feffer, North Korea South Korea: U.S. Policy at a Time of Crisis, Seven Stories Press, 2003, paperback, 197 pages, ISBN 1-58322-603-6
Ron Goodden, North Korea commentary (August, 2007)
Michael Harrold, Comrades and Strangers: Behind the Closed Doors of North Korea, Wiley Publishing, 2004, paperback, 432 pages, ISBN 0-470-86976-3
Helen-Louise Hunter, Kim Il-song's North Korea. Praeger, 1999. ISBN 0-275-96296-2.
Mitchell B. Lerner, The Pueblo Incident: A Spy Ship and the Failure of American Foreign Policy, University Press of Kansas, 2002, hardcover, 408 pages, ISBN 0-7006-1171-1
Bradley Martin, Under The Loving Care Of The Fatherly Leader: North Korea And The Kim Dynasty, St. Martins (October, 2004), hardcover, 868 pages, ISBN 0-312-32221-6
Oberdorfer, Don. The two Koreas : a contemporary history. Addison-Wesley, 1997, 472 pages, ISBN 0-201-40927-5
Kong Dan Oh, and Ralph C. Hassig, North Korea Through the Looking Glass, The Brookings Institution, 2000, paperback, 216 pages, ISBN 0-8157-6435-9
Quinones, Dr. C. Kenneth, and Joseph Tragert, The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding North Korea, Alpha Books, 2004, paperback, 448 pages, ISBN 1-59257-169-7
Sigal, Leon V., Disarming Strangers: Nuclear Diplomacy with North Korea, Princeton University Press, 199, 336 pages, ISBN 0-691-05797-4
Chris Springer, Pyongyang: The Hidden History of the North Korean Capital. Saranda Books, 2003. ISBN 963-00-8104-0.
Vladimir, Cyber North Korea, Byakuya Shobo, 2003, paperback, 223 pages, ISBN 4-89367-881-7
Norbert Vollertsen, Inside North Korea: Diary of a Mad Place, Encounter Books, 2003, hardcover, 280 pages, ISBN 1-893554-87-2
Wahn Kihl, Y. (1983) "North Korea in 1983: Transforming "The Hermit Kingdom"?" Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 1: pp100-111
Robert Willoughby, North Korea: The Bradt Travel Guide. Globe Pequot, 2003. ISBN 1-84162-074-2.
Hyun Hee Kim, "The Tears of My Soul", William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1993, hardcover, 183 pages, ISBN 0-688-12833-5

Pictorials

Christian Kracht, Eva Munz, Lukas Nikol, "The Ministry Of Truth. Kim Jong Ils North Korea", Feral House, Oct 2007, 132 pages, 88 color photographs, ISBN 978-932595-27-7

External links Government-sponsored sources

Official Presence of the DPR Korea including the Korean Friendship Association
Naenara - ("My country") DPRK's Official Web Portal run by Korea Computer Company
The Korean Central News Agency The DPRK's news service - hosted in Japan
s:Constitution of North Korea

North Korea International Documentation Project - Documents on North Korea

News sources

KCNA - Korean Central News Agency, the official news agency of the DPRK
BBC News - "Country Profile: North Korea"
Pyongyang Watch, an archive of Asia Times articles
Another Korea - Background stories on North Korea
Daily NK - North Korea focused daily online newspaper

Documentaries

Kim's Nuclear Gamble - PBS Frontline Documentary (Video & Transcript)
Seoul Train Documentary on North Koreans Trying to escape via China 2004
The Hermit Kingdom Dan Rather 60 Minutes 02/06
A State of Mind Documentary by the BBC following two young North Korean gymnasts training for the mass games (2004)
National Geographic: Explorer Documentary by National Geographic about an eye doctor from Nepal who goes to North Korea to operate on cataract patients (also has undercover footage of North Korea in general)

Human rights links

' A report on human rights and prisons in N. Korea.
Liberty in North Korea: Advocate for human rights, political and religious freedom, and humanitarian aid for North Korea

Weblogs

One Free Korea: Updated daily; focusing on human rights, political, economic, and military issues, often with Google-Earth tours of North Korea's most secret places
DPRK Studies: Current analysis, commentary, and news on North Korea’s security, social, and political issues; North Korean Studies
NK Zone: Includes a variety of perspectives, with a greater focus on cultural and economic issues
RU NK: Focusing primarily on human rights issues, by a member of Liberty in North Korea
NK Econ Watch: Focusing mainly on economic issues
News of North Korea: news about North Korean refugees and the situation inside of the country

Photo logs

Visitor account of North Korea
North Korea - photos from TripAdvisor.ru
Artemii Lebedev's photographs of North Korea with commentary
BBC News - In pictures: Unseen North Korea
Pictures from North Korea
36 everyday photographs of North Korea by Reinhard Krause of Reuters

Reunification

Kim Il Sung: 10 Point programme for reunification of the country
"Korean Friendship Association" - Unification - recognized by DPRK
Ministry of Unification - South Korea
International Liaison Committee for Reunification and Peace in Korea (CILRECO) - France
"Korea is one" - Belgian-Korean Friendship Association

Miscellaneous

North Korea: A Reporter's Notebook — Luis Ramirez (Voice of America)
"A Year in Pyongyang", by Andrew Holloway, 1988.
Pyongyang Metro System Unofficial Web Site - Examining a suspected underground military installation
"Beyond the 38th Parallel", by Matt Sparrow, 2001.
Crisis Guide: The Korean Peninsula Council on Foreign Relations

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The UN's envoy to North Korea says Pyongyang and Washington need to discuss their dispute. ... The UN envoy to North Korea, Maurice Strong, has said that Washington and Pyongyang ...

North Korea Star
North Korea Star from the most comprehensive global news network on the internet. International News and analysis on current events, business, finance, economy, sports and more ...

Amazon.co.uk: North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula - A Modern History ...
Amazon.co.uk: North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula - A Modern History: Paul French: Books ... RRP: £14.99 : Price: £13.49 & eligible for Free UK delivery on orders over £15 with ...

North Korea Daily
North Korea Daily News and analysis on current events, North Korea business, finance, economy, sports and more. Searchable news in 44 languages from WorldNews Network and ... ...

Country Profile: North Korea
Country Profile: North Korea ... Area: 121,555 sq km (75,364 square miles) (55% of the peninsula) Population: 22, 664,000 (2003 UN estimate) or 23,612,000 (2004 DPRK figure)

North Korea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK), [4] a state located in East Asia, in the northern half of the Korean ...

North Korea | newsguide | guardian.co.uk
Korean Central News Agency State news agency. Curt official news: links to People's Korea, which offers features, retrospectives and background on North Korean politics, history ...